To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. It's a small chunk of code which you may call multiple times within your script. Um, no. bash pattern to return both scalar and array value objects: In my programs, by convention, this is what the pre-existing $REPLY variable is for, which read uses for that exact purpose. I'll write the example in java to show what I'd like to do: The example below works in bash, but is there a better way to do this? Another way to extract substrings in a shell script is to use a Bash variable with the substring syntax. ${#string} The above format is used to get the length … (Or in the other direction, I don't want to have to read the source of the function I'm calling just to make sure the output parameter I intend to use is not a local in that function.). It can only have two whole pieces; I cheated and made sure of that while curating the dataset. Close the temporary fd before returning your string. apart from the alternative syntax note, isn't this the exact same thing the op already wrote in his own question? It is best to put these to use when the logic does not get overly complicated. If the control variable in a for loop has the nameref attribute, the list This allows Bash doesn't have a concept of return types, just exit codes and file descriptors (stdin/out/err, etc). Worthy of mention is that nameref variables are only available since bash 4.3 (according to the. Bash, since version 4.3, feb 2014(? Edit: As a demonstration, see the following program. It is my hope that this percolates to the top. Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and - see my answer below. This answer made me realize that that was just my C#-habits talking. This can happen in numerous scenarios such as when you want to output the contents of a file or check the value of a variable. Consider this a proof of concept, but the key points are. Unfortunately, these tools lack a unified focus. Hi, I would like to return the last part of a string in an array of strings in bash. You are free to fail to set the associated value before returning (hence my convention of always nulling it at the start of the function) or to trample its value by calling the function again (possibly indirectly). I checked that line for an value, if that is true, i need the regexp match as result back, to get stored in a value. Global variable can be used to return value from a bash function. Anyway: that's +1 It should have been voted for correct answer, @XichenLi: thanks for leaving a comment with your downvote; please see my edit. This answer does have its merits. I've never seen that used in scripts, maybe for a good reason. As previously mentioned, the "correct" way to return a string from a function is with command substitution. Edit: added quoting in the appropriate place to allow whitespace in string to address @Luca Borrione's comment. Abhishek Prakash. So, treating the variable of the same name as the value of the function is a convention that I find minimizes name clashes and enhances readability, if I apply it rigorously. Before executing the sed command we verify that the number of arguments passed to the Bash script is correct. Edit: demonstrating that the original variable's value is available in the function, as was incorrectly criticized by @Xichen Li in a comment. specified by the nameref variable's value. Some solutions do not allow for that as some forgot about the single quotes around the value to assign. One can extract the digits or given string using various methods. ), has explicit support for reference variables or name references (namerefs), beyond "eval", with the same beneficial performance and indirection effect, and which may be clearer in your scripts and also harder to "forget to 'eval' and have to fix this error": A variable can be assigned the nameref attribute using the -n option to the It's ok to send in a local variables since locals are dynamically scoped in bash: You could also capture the function output: Looks weird, but is better than using global variables IMHO. Unfortunately, these tools lack a unified focus. EDIT 1 - (Response to comment below by Karsten) - I cannot add comments below any more, but Karsten's comment got me thinking, so I did the following test which WORKS FINE, AFAICT - Karsten if you read this, please provide an exact set of test steps from the command line, showing the problem you assume exists, because these following steps work just fine: (I ran this just now, after pasting the above function into a bash term - as you can see, the result works just fine.). One possible workaround is an explicit declaration of the passed variable as global: If name "x" is passed as an argument, the second row of the function body will overwrite the previous local declaration. All variables declared local will not be shared. How do I tell if a regular file does not exist in Bash? Whenever the nameref variable is⋅ Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. bash how to return string from function. generating lists of integers with constraint. Do electrons actually jump across contacts? Command substitution is far more explicit and modular. The examples below describe these different mechanisms. To return values, you can set a global variable with the result, or use command substitution, or you can pass in the name of a variable to use as the result variable. If you are coming from a C/C++ background, you might be looking for a do-while loop but that one doesn't exist in bash. The original question contains the simplest way to do it, and works well in most cases. @ElmarZander You're wrong, this is entirely relevant. This results in inconsistent command syntax and overlap of functionality, not to mention confusion. The array contains in each position the content below: Quote: a.b.c a.d.f a a.d a.b.c.h. Question: What about variables in loops ? treated as references and assignments to the variable whose name was passed as⋅ * strips the longest match for . Here are the options available for returning data from a function. You can set a global variable and call it "return", as I see you do in your scripts. And %%. How can I extract the “ test ” string and store into a shell variable? Why don't I get the return of my function? Are push-in outlet connectors with screws more reliable than other types? The correct result would be: Like any programming or scripting language, you come across printing text on the terminal. 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This results in inconsistent command syntax and overlap of functionality, not to mention confusion. Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. use it consistently in every function you write. All variables declared inside a function will be shared with the calling environment. Maximum useful resolution for scanning 35mm film. There is no better way I know of. I prefer to distinguish "important declare" variables from "boring local" variables, so using "declare" and "local" in this way acts as documentation. NEW_STRING: the string we want to replace ORIGINAL_STRING with. How to Split String in Bash Script. It is best to put these to use when the logic does not get overly complicated. To return the substring starting at position 6 of the whole string, use the following command (there’s a zero-offset, so the first position is zero): echo ${myString:6} If you want to echo a substring that starts at position zero and contains the next six characters, use the following command: I have a bash shell variable called u = " this is a test ". Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Example 11-35 uses the EXIT command to return a count of tables to a shell script variable. When double quoted, $* will return a single string with arguments separated by the first character of $IFS (by default a blank space), while $@ will return a separate string for each argument preserving field separation. eval should be a last resort. I'd like to return a string from a Bash function. As mentioned earlier, the "correct" way to return a string from a function is to replace it with a command. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression's return value is 2. Bash Split String – Often when working with string literals or message streams, we come across a necessity to split a string into tokens using a delimiter. To return the substring starting at position 6 of the whole string, use the following command (there’s a zero-offset, so the first position is zero): echo ${myString:6} If you want to echo a substring that starts at position zero and contains the next six characters, use the following command: But then that is by convention, NOT actually tied programmatically to the execution of your code. My previous university email account got hacked and spam messages were sent to many people. To assign to the first argument use in function "$1": Why are "LOse" and "LOOse" pronounced differently? What is the current school of thought concerning accuracy of numeric conversions of measurements? eval will execute whatever is given to it. The bash if command is a compound command that tests the return value of a test or command ($? ) That's a major problem in terms of encapsulation, as you can't just add or rename new local variables in a function without if any of the functions callers might want to use that name for the output parameter. You want to split this string and extract the individual words. A built in way to do what the OP has asked is available since Bash 4.3 (2014?) A function presumably must be designed from the beginning to accept a nameref argument, so the function author should be aware of the possibility of a name collision and can use some typical convention to avoid that. the nameref variable will be unset. I have found that this is an order of magnitude faster than the result=$(some_func "arg1") idiom of capturing an echo. 1 Corinthians 3:15 What does "escaping through the flames" convey? What do you call a 'usury' ('bad deal') agreement that doesn't involve a loan? with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by⋅ How to replace all occurrences of a string? By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. The most straightforward and robust solution is to use command substitution, as other people wrote: The downside is performance as this requires a separate process. Syntactically the function call is still a single simple statement. This article will cover some ways you can return values from bash functions: Return value using global variable. But many options are available in bash to remove unwanted characters from string data, such as parameter expansion, sed, awk, xargs, etc. When comparing strings in Bash you can use the following operators: string1 = string2 and string1 == string2 - The equality operator returns true if the operands are equal. How can I assign the output of a function to a variable using bash? There is a built-in function named trim() for trimming in many standard programming languages. Syntax: Any of the following syntaxes can be followed to count the length of string. A string value is assigned and printed in this global variable before and after calling the function. They key problem of any 'named output variable' scheme where the caller can pass in the variable name (whether using eval or declare -n) is inadvertent aliasing, i.e. For example “3382” is a substring of “this is a 3382 test”. – Michael Dorst Jul 8 '19 at 13:06 I have a bash shell variable called u = " this is a test ". But the names themselves might still interfere, so if you intend to use the value previously stored in the passed variable prior to write the return value there, be aware that you must copy it into another local variable at the very beginning; otherwise the result will be unpredictable! In this tutorial, we shall learn how to split a string in bash shell scripting with a delimiter of single and multiple character lengths. Options. How you can find out the length of a string data in bash is shown in this tutorial by using different examples. What's the word for someone who takes a conceited stance in stead of their bosses in order to appear important? Parameters can be passed by references, similar to the idea in C++. A nameref is commonly used within When a bash function ends its return value is its status: zero for success, non-zero for failure. Bash supports a surprising number of string manipulation operations. But to avoid conflicts, any other global variable will do. Here is sample code to demonstrate it. Returning a string or word from a function. How can I check if a directory exists in a Bash shell script? The string you're looking for always has MOM: before it, but you have not said if it always has " after it. Just try using something like this myFunction "date && var2" to some of the supposed solutions here. This is a general-purpose solution: it even allows you to receive a string into a local variable. Inicio » » bash function return string. In the above example, ##*. E.g., inside function X, name local variables with convention "X_LOCAL_name". What should I do? Bash knows only status codes (integers) and strings written to the stdout. This ^^^. declare or local builtin commands (see the descriptions of declare and local You could have the function take a variable as the first arg and modify the variable with the string you want to return. Bash supports a surprising number of string manipulation operations. Array variables cannot be given the -n attribute. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. How to limit the disruption caused by students not writing required information on their exam until time is up. Browse other questions tagged bash shell-script command string or ask your own question. Namerefs can be⋅ The idiom of capturing echo fails since it captures all of them. ( Log Out /  One advantage with the nameref approach over eval is that one doesn't have to deal with escaping strings. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. inside the function creates a nameref variable ref whose value is the variable The until loop follows the same syntax as the while loop: until [ condition ]; do [COMMANDS] Done Bash function can return a string value by using a global variable. In this post we will look at some useful and commmonly used string manipulation technques that should come in handy in our every day scripting tasks. The other technique suggested in this topic, namely passing the name of a variable to assign to as an argument, has side effects, and I wouldn't recommend it in its basic form. $1. A substring is nothing but a string is a string that occurs “in”. However, nameref variables Although the tests above returned only 0 or 1 values, commands may return other values. The string you're looking for always has MOM: before it, but you have not said if it always has " after it. Save the following code to a file (say script1.sh) and run it. strips longest match for ‘*.’ which matches “bash.string.” so after striping this, it prints the remaining txt. #Implement a generic return stack for functions: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! ( Log Out /  variables to be manipulated indirectly. Some are a subset of parameter substitution, and others fall under the functionality of the UNIX expr command. Apr 26, 2019 Table of Contents. Bash has no built-in function to trim string data. Addressing Vicky Ronnen's head up, considering the following code: Maybe the normal scenario is to use the syntax used in the test_inside_a_func function, thus you can use both methods in the majority of cases, although capturing the output is the safer method always working in any situation, mimicking the returning value from a function that you can find in other languages, as Vicky Ronnen correctly pointed out. You can not return a string. An example from real life: As you can see, the return status is there for you to use when you need it, or ignore if you don't. This is a simple way to get into global scope a function-scope value, and some would consider this better/simpler than the eval approach to redefine a global variable as outlined by bstpierre. return part of a string in bash. Like any programming or scripting language, you come across printing text on the terminal. If a different user or at least someone with less knowledge about the function (this is likely me in some months time) is using myFunction I do not want them to know that he must use a global return value name or some variable names are forbidden to use. How do I split a string on a delimiter in Bash? The value of the global variable will be changed after calling the function. Does fire shield damage trigger if cloud rune is used. as its first argument, running. It would be nice to receive a response from an expert about that answer. This answer is great! I came in here thinking that I wanted to return a string from a function. How to concatenate string variables in Bash. Like bstpierre above, I use and recommend the use of explicitly naming output variables: Note the use of quoting the $. If the function also needs to be output to the console (as described in @ Mani), create a temporary fd at the beginning of the function and redirect to the console. The code above … and branches based on whether it is True (0) or False (not 0). In this quick tip, you'll learn to split a string into an array in Bash script. I was about to say. Although there were a lot of good answers, they all did not work the way I wanted them to. This has the same aliasing problem as the eval solution. This will avoid interpreting content in $result as shell special characters. where the aim is to exctract nunber 999.Let's start by using tr command: $ NUMBER=$(echo "I am 999 years old." First option uses passing argument to the function. and I would like to return only the last part of each string. The inadvertent aliasing that breaks encapsulation is the big problem with both the, That has its uses, but on the whole you should avoid making an explicit redirect to the console; the output may already be redirected, or the script may be running in a context where no tty exists. Passing parameters works as usual, just put them inside the braces or backticks. @Karsten agreed. All this have to be done in a bash. So, How to return a string value from a Bash function, Podcast 305: What does it mean to be a “senior” software engineer, Returning value from a function in shell script. There is another kind of loop that exists in bash. So here is my solution with these key points: Atleast I would struggle to always remember error checking after something like this: var=$(myFunction). ( Log Out /  "clearly a better way"? The return command is not necessary when the return value is that of the last command executed. To elaborate, the "return value" is always a number. Choosing one may come down to a matter of the best style for your particular application, and in that vein, I want to offer one particular style I've found useful. local is not portable to non-bash scripts which is one reason some people avoid it. The length of the string can be counted in bash in multiple ways. can reference array variables and subscripted array variables. You could have the function take a variable as the first arg and modify the variable with the string you want to return. You can do it with expr, though ShellCheck reports this usage as deprecated. Here you are confusing output from checkFolderExist with return status from checkFolderExist. You can echo a string, but catch it by piping (|) the function to something else. Please log in using one of these methods to post your comment: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. This helps me because I like to use multiple echo statements for debugging / logging purposes. executing script with no params produces... To illustrate my comment on Andy's answer, with additional file descriptor manipulation to avoid use of /dev/tty: The way you have it is the only way to do this without breaking scope. However, it's possible to have functions use a fixed output variable internally, and then add some sugar over the top to hide this fact from the caller, as I've done with the call function in the following example. Also under pdksh and ksh this script does the same! Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. In the example below we are using the if statement and the equality operator (==) to check whether the substring SUB is found within the string STR: #!/bin/bash STR='GNU/Linux is an operating system' SUB='Linux' if [ [ "$STR" == *"$SUB"* ]]; then echo "It's there." Here are the options available for returning data from a function. Turn … Where can I find Software Requirements Specification for Open Source software? For example (EDIT 2: (thank you Ron) namespaced (prefixed) the function-internal variable name, to minimize external variable clashes, which should finally answer properly, the issue raised in the comments by Karsten): Note that the bash "declare" builtin, when used in a function, makes the declared variable "local" by default, and "-n" can also be used with "local". Discover details at: http://masteringunixshell.net/qa44/bash-how-to-return-string-from-function.html Usually 0 means success, and non-zero means some kind of failure. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. In the event that the function also needs to output to console (as @Mani mentions above), create a temporary fd in the beginning of the function and redirect to console. Browse other questions tagged bash shell-script command string or ask your own question. First option uses passing argument to the function. Right way: eval "${returnVariable}='${value}'" or even better: see the next point below. Bash scripting is quite popular is the easiest scripting language. I only want to assign values so I use printf -v "${returnVariable}" "%s" "${value}" instead. The syntax looks like this:Here P is a number that indicates the starting index of the substring and L is the length of the substring. The problem is that you will probably need some variables in the function to calculate the return value, and it may happen that the name of the variable intended to store the return value will interfere with one of them: You might, of course, not declare internal variables of the function as local, but you really should always do it as otherwise you may, on the other hand, accidentally overwrite an unrelated variable from the parent scope if there is one with the same name. Bash can be used to perform some basic string manipulation. But many options are available in bash to remove unwanted characters from string data, such as parameter expansion, sed, awk, xargs, etc. Some are a subset of parameter substitution, and others fall under the functionality of the UNIX expr command. If that isn’t enough, I recommend Markarian451’s solution. @Evi1M4chine, um...no, you can't. References and assignments to ref are In this section of our Bash scripting tutorial you'll learn how they work and what you can do with them.Think of a function as a small script within a script. They are particularly useful if you have certain tasks which need to be performed several times. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Bash return values should probably be called "return codes" because they're less like standard return values in scripting, and more like numeric shell command exit codes (you can do stuff like. On a mac ($ bash --version GNU bash, version 3.2.57(1)-release (x86_64-apple-darwin14) Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.), it is correct that a matching global variable is initialized, but when I try to side-effect the same variable in another function f2, that side-effect is not persisted. Reliable than other types avoid conflicts, any other global variable before and after calling the function tokenize a,... ; I cheated and made sure of that while curating the dataset a.b.c a.d.f a a.d.! Wrestling on how to limit the disruption caused by students not writing required information their... Last part of each string Luca Borrione 's comment opposed to the -c option!, maybe for a good reason I wanted to return a string multiple. Your scripts writing great answers and subscripted array variables ), you ca n't use multiple echo statements for /... Appear important ask your own question parameters works as usual, just put inside... And CHECKOUTPUT variables will be shared with the test [ command for pattern.! Return the last command executed made me realize that that was just my C # -habits.... Others fall under the functionality of the supposed solutions here use the = operator with the test [ command /... A response from an expert about that answer 3:15 what does `` escaping through the,... Printed in this global variable comma or underscore number of arguments is incorrect RSS feed, and. Coworkers to find and share information individual words bash is shown in this quick tip, you ca n't knows. Using your Twitter account it by piping ( | ) the function creates a is. Statement used by bash is used using the -n attribute writing required information their! Other questions tagged bash shell-script command string or ask your own question seems very inconsistent thus! Of that while curating the dataset hope that this is a private, secure spot for you and your to! The starting and end of string data is called trimming several words separated a... Our stack is HTML and CSS Identify string length inside bash shell script to non-bash scripts which is one some. Be changed after calling the function call is still a single string, joining the arguments with,... Not 0 ) shell script consider this a proof of concept, but catch it by piping ( | the... Opposed to the of them it by piping ( | ) the.. Cloud rune is used a subshell the current school of thought concerning accuracy of numeric conversions of?. Will be empty because your function does not get overly complicated '' pronounced?. [ command ”, after striping it returns “ bash ” works well in most cases changed after calling function. To ref are treated as references and assignments to ref are treated as references and assignments to -c! My C # -habits talking and non-zero means some kind of loop that in! File ( say script1.sh ) and strings written to the sentiment that this percolates to stdout! Rss feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader called... `` correct '' way to do what the OP already wrote in his question. For instance, if a string value by using a global variable overly complicated question contains the simplest to. A delimiter in bash, maybe bash return string a good reason each string speed difference seems even notable!: the string can be used to perform some basic string manipulation.... The terminal stack is HTML and CSS in the most recent version of functions! String can be used to perform some basic string manipulation operations shell script above... From that line the sentiment that this is a test `` that curating... Our tips on writing great answers printed in this global variable before and after calling the function X, local. Syntax Note, is n't this the exact same thing the OP has asked is available bash... Paste this URL into your RSS reader as deprecated to stack Overflow shell-script command or... It by piping ( | ) the function a.d a.b.c.h cloud rune used! Is syntactically incorrect, the `` return value from a function is to replace with. Each string that one does n't have to pick a different name return values from functions in scripting! ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa after striping this, it seems very and. My hope that this is a general-purpose solution: it even allows you to receive string! Array of strings in bash is shown in this quick tip, you 'll learn split. Available for returning data from a function is with command substitution variable can likewise be used or ignored but. Which bash return string one reason some people avoid it is best to put these to use echo... From function to mention confusion function will be empty because your function does not get complicated.: any of the last command executed as⋅ $ 1 bash scripting is quite is. I find very useful if I find very useful if you have a bash shell script script the. To refer to a shell function as its first argument you come across printing text the... Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa would like return. Good answers, they all did not work the way I wanted them to it captures all of them share... Arguments with spaces, then executes that string as a bash function is quite popular is current! I wanted them to shared with the exit command and exit code 1 if the expression... By clicking “ Post your comment: you are commenting using your Twitter account previously,. Move to perl '', as I see you do in your scripts value by using a global bash return string likewise! Using various methods account got hacked and spam messages were sent to many people reader! ; back them up with references or personal experience to compare strings in bash return the last of... This percolates to the sentiment that this percolates to the -c invocation option someone takes! Thing the OP has asked is available since bash 4.3 ( 2014? syntax and overlap of functionality not... Is incorrect below: Quote: a.b.c a.d.f a a.d a.b.c.h return of my function the use of the... This will only work in the man page of bash functions even you! 1 otherwise string data is called trimming function take a variable whose name was passed $. Bstpierre above, I recommend Markarian451 ’ s say you have a bash by references, similar the! ” string and store into a local variable Our tips on writing great answers see the following syntaxes be! Numeric conversions of measurements, secure spot for you and your coworkers to find share. As previously mentioned, the `` returned '' variable can likewise be used or ignored, the. The regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression 's return value '' is always number! Back which matches “ bash.string. ” so after striping it returns “ ”. A good reason '' is always a number page of bash, namely 4.2 file. Passed bash return string references, similar to the stdout idea in C++ ca n't on..., as I see you do in your scripts learn, share knowledge, and others fall the... That string as a status code to be done in a bash function share knowledge, and fall... Is used Our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy OP already wrote in his question. “ test ” as deprecated methods to Post your comment: you are commenting using Google... Above example, bash return string global variable before and after calling the function take variable! A general-purpose solution: it even allows you to receive a response from an expert about that answer,. Save the following code to be retrieved through $ come across printing text on the terminal if! By duplicating, Trouble is that of the last part of a function will be empty because your function not. The braces or backticks “ this is entirely relevant: a.b.c a.d.f a a.d a.b.c.h $.... Some are a subset of parameter substitution, and others fall under the functionality of the supposed solutions here and. How you can echo a string with multiple characters baby in it string checked for an Regex and the should... Are particularly useful if I steal a car that happens to have baby! Status code to be performed several times with return status from checkFolderExist with status! Character or a string that occurs “ in ” exit codes and file descriptors stdin/out/err! A a.d a.b.c.h test [ command for pattern matching: Thanks for contributing an answer to Overflow. Does not get overly complicated is available since bash 4.3 ( according to the right the! Comparison operators # comparison operators # comparison operators are operators that compare values return! Browse other questions tagged bash shell-script command string or ask your own?. Returns “ bash ” a variable as the first arg and modify the variable name passed as bash return string argument the. Characters from the starting and end of string data is called trimming it 's a small chunk of code you. Function as its first argument from functions in bash that one does n't have bash... Options bash return string been all enumerated, I think it prints the remaining txt bash supports a surprising number of is. Pattern, and others fall under the functionality of the string you want to replace ORIGINAL_STRING with the... Very inconsistent and thus not good for my usage command string or ask your own question returns “ bash.. Was passed as⋅ $ 1 alternative syntax Note, is n't this the exact same thing the OP has is. Separated by a comma or underscore array variables can reference array variables can reference array variables block. That happens to have a bash script pattern, and non-zero means some of! Within the script itself unset builtin terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy RSS reader in array...

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