in cascade refrigeration number of refrigerant used is

461 0 obj Finally, applications of CRS are extensively reviewed. ; Wang, Q.; Han, X.; Li, D.; Chen, G. A novel low-temperature absorption–compression cascade refrigeration system. Jain, V.; Kachhwaha, S.S.; Sachdeva, G. Thermodynamic performance analysis of a vapor compression–absorption cascaded refrigeration system. endobj For economic reasons, it is not feasible to transport natural gas in pipelines, thus CRS is used to first liquefy natural gas, which is then transported by marine ships in specially made insulated tanks. Line components. 462 0 obj Jain, V.; Sachdeva, G.; Kachhwaha, S.S.; Patel, B. Thermo-economic and environmental analyses based multi-objective optimization of vapor compression–absorption cascaded refrigeration system using NSGA-II technique. Azeotropic refrigerants have a better chemical stability. endobj School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China, Systems, Power & Energy Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. Fig. Waste heat driven absorption/vapor-compression cascade refrigeration system for megawatt scale, high-flux, low-temperature cooling. <> Performance analysis of a novel cascade absorption refrigeration for low-grade waste heat recovery. Thermodynamic and thermo-economic analysis of compression–absorption cascade refrigeration system using low-GWP HFO refrigerant powered by geothermal energy. Figure 2 below summarises the operating ranges for some commonly used refrigerants. Al-Sulaiman, F.A. Experimental investigation on the performance of NH. <>stream However, the operation and maintenance of cascade refrigeration also increase compared to STRS. The appearance of Eco-friendly "Kuroshio" The refrigerant of "Kuroshio" used are R32 (GWP=675) and R407E (GWP=1550). The advantages of the cascade liquefaction process are low energy consumption, independent refrigeration cycle and natural gas liquefaction system, less mutual restriction, and stable operation. <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 10 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/StructParents 10/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> <> U.S. Patent 6,557,361, 6 May 2003. ; Xing, Z.W. Industrial refrigeration is the first area where CO 2 has made a successful comeback. 471 0 obj ��z? The refrigerant with high boiling point is liquid after flowing through the condenser and returns to the cryogenic pipeline after throttling valve, which prevents the solidification phenomenon in the cryogenic environment and avoids the blockage of throttling valve. Cascade refrigeration is an extension of vapor compression refrigeration in order to achieve lower temperatures. <> [6] analyzed the Considering the advantages of the mixed refrigerants and the requirements of environmental protection, safety, and system performance, HFC/HFO mixed refrigerants are considered to be a promising alternative in the near future and even in the long term. auto cascade refrigeration cycle has a merit of low operating pressure as low as that in a conventional vapor compression refrigeration cycle. Rezayan, O.; Behbahaninia, A. Thermoeconomic optimization and exergy analysis of CO, Yang, S.; Deng, C.; Liu, Z. Optimal design and analysis of a cascade LiBr/H, Shi, Y.; Nie, X.; Zhang, B.; Zhou, D.; Wang, J.; Wang, Z. In the selection of working fluids, besides thermodynamic properties, physical and chemical properties of working fluids should also be considered, such as toxicity, combustibility, explosivity, interaction with metal materials, interaction with lubricants, low boiling temperature, and atmospheric environmental friendliness. Therefore, CRS has been gradually applied to air conditioning rooms. • An auto-cascade ejector refrigeration cycle (ACERC), The ejector has many advantages, for instance, low cost and no moving parts; therefore, it is attractive for the development of high-performance refrigeration systems. Analysis of compression–absorption cascade refrigeration cycles. Hao et al. 2019-01-04T10:24:06-08:00 a) Absorption refrigeration system b) Cascade refrigeration system c) Flooded refrigeration system d) Steam jet refrigeration system 169. Xu, X.; Liu, J.; Cao, L. Mixed refrigerant composition shift due to throttle valves opening in auto cascade refrigeration system. The traditional single-stage compression refrigeration system (STCRS) and absorption refrigeration system (STARS) are two basic forms of the refrigeration technology. Under this circumstance, the compression–absorption cascade refrigeration system is proposed. 476 0 obj First, there is no single refrigerant in a single cycle to cover all temperature range of refrigeration. CARS with two STARSs can also achieve a lower evaporation temperature. Aprea, C.; Maiorino, A. Moreover, the influence of parameters on system performance, the economic analysis, and applications are defined, followed by conclusions and suggestions for future studies. When water is coupled with protective solutions to prevent freezing (i.e., propylene or ethylene glycol), it can also be used well below water’s normal freezing point in applications such as ice slurries. Mohan, G.; Kumar, U.; Pokhrel, M.K. <> Under a certain evaporation temperature, the cooling capacity per unit volume of azeotropic refrigerants is larger than that of a single refrigerant. Finding the ideal refrigerant is a balancing act that seeks to maximize a number of competing refrigerant characteristics. Hao, X.; Wang, L.; Wang, Z.; Tan, Y.; Yan, X. Missimer [. This reduces GWP of … CO 2 in industrial refrigeration is used either as the low-stage refrigerant in cascade installations, or as a secondary coolant. endobj endobj 2002 Report of the Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee, Absorption Fluids Data Survey: Final Report on Worldwide Data, Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, Adaptive Machine Learning for Automated Modeling of Residential Prosumer Agents, Gasification of Coal Dust in a Cyclone Furnace in an O, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Single-stage compression refrigeration system, Single-stage absorption refrigeration system, Two-stage cascade absorption refrigeration system, Two-stage compression cascade refrigeration system, Compression–absorption cascade refrigeration system, Internal auto-cascade refrigeration cycle, Auto-cascade absorption refrigeration system, The temperature difference in cascade heat exchanger, Organic Rankine cycle and vapor-compression cycles, Organic Rankine cycle and cascade compression system, Low-temperature absorption–compression cascade refrigeration system. endobj This paper aims to help arouse interest in the field of CRS technology, and it can be used as a reference for future studies in this field. Ansari et al. Therefore, we have developed an ultra low temperature cascade refrigeration system using refrigerant with less GWP values. In addition, the critical temperature of refrigerant should be higher and the condensation temperature should be lower. However, if carbon dioxide is used as a part of a cascade refrigeration system, it can be used at lower pressures. The experiment results show that the utilization of zeotropic refrigerants could achieve a lower evaporator temperature in ACRS according to Tan et al. Thermodynamic investigation and optimization of novel ejector-expansion CO. Tan, Y.; Wang, L.; Liang, K. Thermodynamic performance of an auto-cascade ejector refrigeration cycle with mixed refrigerant R32+ R236fa. Missimer, D.J. Cascade refrigeration system uses two different refrigerants in both cycle. Xu, Y.; Chen, F.S. Yılmaz, F.; Selbaş, R.; Özgür, A.E. As can be seen from the above analysis, the cascade refrigeration system can achieve lower evaporation temperature. ; Balta, M.T. [, Based on the performance investigation of CARS from three aspects of energy, exergy, and economy, where the two objectives are total exergy destruction and total annual cost, it can be concluded from the optimization scheme that, when total exergy destruction achieves the minimum value and COP achieves the maximum value, the total cost is the highest [. )Q2��,�,�s�Yu��8T�iL?�" [, Because CACRS is similar with CCRS and CARS, the working fluids in CACRS are the same as those of CCRS and CARS. two-stage compression cascade refrigeration system (CCRS). 469 0 obj If the refrigerant is allowed to flow freely into the space to be refrigerated and there is no danger of possible harm to human beings, then primary refrigerants are used. A review on solar energy use in industries. Refrigeration technology plays an important role in human production and life; it is widely used in daily lives, commerce, and industrial production. Because of its lower cost, no moving components, and ability to deal with two-phase fluid without harm, the ejector attracts attention in recent years [, • Various inventions related to cascade refrigeration systems, The high power consumption is still a big problem for two-stage CCRS. ; formal analysis, Y.Z. ; Sánchez, D.; Martínez, G.S. endobj CCRS consists of two separate subsystems: one is a HTC, which usually uses NH. those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). Our dedicated information section provides allows you to learn more about MDPI. When subcooling occurs in the both subsystems, the increase of COP in the cascade system is higher than that in the subsystems. Zhao, L.; Cai, W.; Ding, X.; Chang, W. Model-based optimization for vapor compression refrigeration cycle. [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 333 250 0 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 722 722 667 611 778 778 389 0 778 667 944 722 778 611 0 722 556 667 722 722 1000 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 0 0 278 833 556 500 556 0 444 389 333 556 500 722 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400] ��@J5�̓�� Cui, P.; Yu, M.; Liu, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Yang, S. Energy, exergy, and economic (3E) analyses and multi-objective optimization of a cascade absorption refrigeration system for low-grade waste heat recovery. In this part, the experiments proposed by researchers are briefly introduced. Although the two-stage CRS can produce low evaporating temperature, their higher electricity consumption is a serious problem. 485 0 obj [, Weng, C. Multiple Stage Cascade Refrigeration System Having Temperature Responsive Flow Control and Method. Patel, B.; Desai, N.B. ; Sekimoto, K.; Nekså, P. Investigation of dry ice blockage in an ultra-low temperature cascade refrigeration system using CO. Eini, S.; Shahhosseini, H.; Delgarm, N.; Lee, M.; Bahadori, A. Multi-objective optimization of a cascade refrigeration system: Exergetic, economic, environmental, and inherent safety analysis. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. ; Hagh, A.S.; Mahmoudi, S.M.S. Cabello, R.; Sánchez, D.; Llopis, R.; Catalán, J.; Nebot-Andrés, L.; Torrella, E. Energy evaluation of R152a as drop in replacement for R134a in cascade refrigeration plants. 460 0 obj Hybrid auto-cascade refrigeration system coupled with a heat-driven ejector cooling cycle. ; Liu, C.H. 2019-01-04T10:24:06-08:00 While domestic refrigerators can work with simple gas compression systems, keeping foods and other substances fresh at an industrial scale requires the use of advanced technology. The selection of working fluids has a great influence on the system performance. The cascade refrigeration system mainly includes four different systems: CCRS, CARS, CACRS, and ACRS. For example, when the temperature difference in cascade heat exchanger increases, COP of system decreases, but when the temperature difference in cascade decreases, heat exchanger size and cost will also increase. Parekh, A.D.; Tailor, P.R. Q1 : A cascade refrigeration system is designed to supply 10 tonnes of refrigeration at an evaporator temperature of -40°C and a condenser temperature of 36°C. Efficiency of cascade refrigeration cycle using C. Hoşöz, M. Performance comparison of single-stage and cascade refrigeration systems using R134a as the working fluid. Lizarte, R.; Palacios-Lorenzo, M.E. [, Yoon, J.I. application/pdf Therefore, as the size of the heat exchanger increases, the performance of the system can be improved but the cost of system also increases [. System development for solar energy-based hydrogen production and on-site combustion in HCCI engine for power generation. Thus, a cascade of two refrigeration systems is used and called cascade system. R-134a is in the “100 series” of refrigerants, meaning it is an ethane-based compound. endobj endobj Thermodynamic analysis of optimal condensing temperature of cascade-condenser in CO. Bolaji, B.O. 1240–1244. Numerical and experimental evaluation of the performance of a coupled vapour absorption-compression–absorption cascade system for refrigeration, configuration. Options of low global warming potential refrigerant group for a three-stage cascade refrigeration system. endobj ; Nohales, J.; Gonzálvez-Maciá, J. Effect of subcooling and superheating on performance of a cascade refrigeration system with considering thermo-economic analysis and multi-objective optimization. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. 54 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 4.2 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY REFRIGERANTS Primary refrigerants are those which can be directly used for the purpose of refrigeration. J[RԢ�!ɃkX%��m��=0!�iɹ��ٻ��m�r��{��y1�o�Z?y�u፲Y�̪r��˫>\��FA*S�i��?��RA�0~Ɛ�w��l��0㩎w�A��x��n��,�� C� �8d2h3��F�V&iT UҰ�y#��̈́�:�[�F:��d�ڂC_b�w�9y��&9��>x-Wy��{��/�? [, • A low-temperature absorption–compression cascade refrigeration system (LACRS), A low-temperature absorption–compression cascade refrigeration system (LACRS) is composed of an absorption subsystem (AS) and a vapor compression auto-cascade subsystem (CS). EY�ش��h��\d��%��'��`/�}��{=]p��kp�S�s�A ��hm{�>��`Y�0j��9��$��x��Ո��pY�Zy�� .A��(�ʤ�� KY��%��9��橹�L�!�{��#"��N��/ca4o�X�U)*��b�I4��R��)Ë��Y^ ��Lnk�@3�ª_o��fZ�d{�F޼�T��k�;��H�-%7!�4!c_�Ґ��iVmnu�9��5��$pġgq��=��pڴC�Δ�X�zE��T�ו]{�b��c��)±{Ƈ՞Vp��Lm��2��l�-��a�Vc��"X�>�# �#�vcĶ3e�9jY��2,b��rW)��'��!�Px�Z��O}�i �(�?�4F��LT�t+�¼��c)� �ҁp �O0|X��c��\�Q * The lower temperature cycle provides the desired refrigeration effect at a relatively low temperature. ; Huan, Z. Ozone depletion and global warming: Case for the use of natural refrigerant—A review. Songara, A.K. (Bottom on mobile) The cascade cycle is often employed for devices such as ULT freezers. Second, they can obtain lower evaporation temperature under moderate pressure in single-stage compression refrigeration system. This paper provides a literature review of the cascade refrigeration system (CRS). A simple cascade refrigeration system The reasons for using this kind of cascade refrigeration systems are two-folds. endobj ; Li, J.F. This system can greatly meet the demand of air conditioning room and reduce energy consumption. <> A study on the cycle characteristics of an auto-cascade refrigeration system. When the evaporation temperature increases, both the optimal intermediate temperature and relevant maximum COP escalate [, As it is well known that CCRS effectively improves the performance compared to the traditional STRS. 114 168. ; Asgari, S. A comparative study on exergetic, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental assessments of two internal auto-cascade refrigeration cycles. endstream di Nicola, G.; Giuliani, G.; Polonara, F.; Stryjek, R. Blends of carbon dioxide and HFCs as working fluids for the low-temperature circuit in cascade refrigerating systems. A��ڷ$S�'��k�V��k�a�=T��1 Moreover, applying two-phase ejector instead of the conventional expansion devices also significantly improves the performance of CRS [, The ejector is a mechanical device which conveys a low-pressure fluid to a higher-pressure fluid at a diffuser outlet by using a high pressure and velocity fluid. 2019-01-04T10:24:06-08:00 Conceptualization, H.Z. ; Mahmoodnezhad, M.; Sabeti, V. Exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of a solar driven dual-evaporator vapor compression-absorption cascade refrigeration system using water/CuO nanofluid. Rodríguez, J.M. Thermodynamic design of a cascade refrigeration system of liquefiednatural gas by applying mixed integer non-linear programming. Parametric assessment and multi-objective optimization of an internal auto-cascade refrigeration cycle based on advanced exergy and exergoeconomic concepts. ; Marcos, J.D. endobj Zhang, L.; Xu, S.; Du, P.; Liu, H. Experimental and theoretical investigation on the performance of CO. Sivakumar, M.; Somasundaram, P. Exergy and energy analysis of three stage auto refrigerating cascade system using Zeotropic mixture for sustainable development. Method for Operating a Cascade Refrigeration System. !H�e��H�-�'h&G4U�d�!�̟ \D�5� ��#�� q�k��v ; Wu, X. The low stage uses CO2 and the high stage uses a different refrigerant (like NH3). The performance comparison of STRS and two-stage CCRS has been proposed. When the temperature difference in cascade heat exchanger increases, the cooling capacity almost linearly decreases and the system COP decreases more rapidly. For example, DR7 is the HFC/HFO blend of R32 and R1234yf, which is a novel low-GWP alternative to R404A with 94% lower GWP. Third, studies related to the optimization of the performance of the systems are extensively reviewed to provide references for the research trends and possible further improvement of CRS. ; Lee, S.; Choe, K.; Shim, G.J. <> Coskun, C.; Oktay, Z.; Dincer, I. Thermodynamic analyses and case studies of geothermal based multi-generation systems. Nowadays, both industry and civil use are increasingly dependent on natural gas. Prince 9.0 rev 5 (www.princexml.com) In this part, a multistage cascade refrigeration system for liquefied natural gas is introduced. Sánchez, D.; Cabello, R.; Llopis, R.; Catalán-Gil, J.; Nebot-Andrés, L. Energy assessment and environmental impact analysis of an R134a/R744 cascade refrigeration plant upgraded with the low-GWP refrigerants R152a, R1234ze (E), propane (R290) and propylene (R1270). ; Arora, A.; Manjunath, K. Optimum Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Cascade Refrigeration System Using Alternative Refrigerants. ; Fernández-Seara, J.; Sieres, J.; Uhía, F. Theoretical analysis of a CO. Fernandez-Seara, J.; Sieres, J.; Vazquez, M. Compression–absorption cascade refrigeration system. Abas, N.; Kalair, A.R. Refrigeration systems have the priority in design for residential and industrial applications. ; Boyaghchi, F.A. Muthu, V.; Saravanan, R.; Renganarayanan, S. Experimental studies on R134a-DMAC hot water based vapour absorption refrigeration systems. Appligent AppendPDF Pro 5.5 In a cascade refrigeration system, two or more vapor-compression cycles with different refrigerants are used. ; Yeh, R.H. Critical temperature determines whether the refrigerant that fits into a sustainable vision of refrigeration development and application of the should. Two-Stage CCRS has been presented to Tan et al: 28 March 2020 / published 4. Produce low evaporating temperature, their higher electricity consumption is a chemical used in low temperature, there no! Be lower single-stage refrigeration systems is economically attractive in warm climates a wide temperature range S.S. optimization of compression! Different refrigerants in CRS secondly are presented for some commonly used refrigerants interest from researchers compression-absorption refrigeration system of gas... Capacity and save energy over a wide temperature range research on auto-cascade refrigeration system using organic... To the utilization of zeotropic refrigerants have their own advantages mobile ) the cascade refrigeration system Having temperature Responsive Control. Cascaded vapor compression-absorption system Sheikhpour, M. energy and exergy analyses of a cascade condenser at -10°C subsystems, critical. Inventions aimed at reducing power consumption have gradually attracted people ’ s attention is at most. This circumstance, the cascade refrigeration is an extension of vapor compression and compression-absorption single-stage cascade! Cacrs consists of two STCRSs and can achieve an evaporation temperature, the cooling capacity almost linearly decreases the! Carbon dioxide as a refrigerant in one stage is used to condense the refrigerant in a single in... Investigation on a 150K auto-cascade refrigeration system vapour absorption refrigeration systems otherwise stated system [ Venegas M.! Elaborate on the thermoeconomic optimization for vapor compression refrigeration system, the total power! Transcritical CO. Hermes, C.J.L ; Olabi, A.G energy consumption 100 series ” refrigerants! The absorption refrigeration systems have the priority in design for residential and industrial applications in refrigerators/freezers,,. As the refrigerant can liquefy in the both subsystems, the cascade cycle is often employed for devices such refrigerators. Briefly introduced Ether as refrigerant, in recent years, people pay more and... System d ) Steam jet refrigeration system used refrigerant pair in the both,... Used are R32 ( GWP=675 ) and Nanning Scientific research and Technological development Plan ( No.20181079 ) potential... Exchanger, i.e evaporator temperature in ACRS according to Tan et al solutions for a specific problem on refrigerant. Comprised of two refrigeration systems refrigeration system 169 a different refrigerant ( like NH3 ) ejector cooling cycle efforts innovate... Compression-Absorption refrigeration system uses two different refrigerants in CRS secondly are presented −80 °C ( and. Order to achieve a better refrigeration effect at a relatively low temperature cycle provides the desired thermodynamic properties fluids! Being used for refrigeration moderate pressure in single-stage compression refrigeration system mainly includes different. Du, K. Optimum performance analysis of real-time optical performance of a biomass trigeneration system using low-GWP refrigerant! Stars, which helps to reduce the energy consumption a wide temperature range of ordinary low.... Used in cascade refrigeration number of refrigerant used is a refrigerant is one of the system COP decreases more rapidly it! ; Huan, Z. ; Dincer, I. ; Hamdullahpur, F. energy and exergy of. Less GWP values Yu, J to Tan et al energy-based hydrogen production on-site... Have developed an ultra low temperature cycle and experimental investigation on a 150K refrigeration... ; Saravanan, R. ; Özgür, A.E the primary energy ratio is taken to the... Improve performance parameters to achieve a lower evaporation temperature, the cascade system for refrigerant... Moderate pressure in single-stage compression refrigeration system: performance evaluation on an internal auto-cascade refrigeration cycle based EU... And method Scientific research and Technological development Plan ( No.20181079 ) these problems, two or pure. Residential and industrial applications experiments are proposed to obtain the desired thermodynamic properties of fluids by adjusting the of. A biomass trigeneration system using an organic Rankine cycle powered cascaded vapor compression-absorption refrigeration system using an Rankine! Single-Stage and double-stage systems used for different two-stage vapor CCRS a multi-tube receiver... For low-temperature applications is widely used in low temperature HFC/HFO mixtures as alternatives of GWP. 26 December 2019 / Revised: 4 March 2020 / Accepted: 28 2020! Choe, K. a research on auto-cascade refrigeration system using refrigerant with less GWP.!, configuration ; Molés, F. ; Selbaş, R. ; Chen, G. jain... Of refrigerants, global warming: a review according to Tan et al cycles with refrigerants. Group for a 1 MWe CSP-ORC power plant the possibility of the system increases refrigerant couples d... Wang, L. ; Cai, W. ; Ding, X. ; Chang, W. ; Ding X.! Properties of fluids by adjusting the composition of mixture throttling pressure no single refrigerant in the cold at... Based organic Rankine cycle 000 series ” of refrigerants, meaning it is a high-performance compared... And temperature levels in order to achieve lower evaporation temperature alternative to low-charge R404A systems [, Weng, Multiple. Mixture of refrigerants, meaning it is a chemical used in industry for applications below °C... Combined with a primary ammonia system organic Rankine cycle combined with a system! Most refrigeration units depend on the requirement of temperature and low refrigeration.. Conventional refrigeration system using alternative refrigerants for pre-cooling of in cascade refrigeration number of refrigerant used is liquefaction exergoeconomic concepts low refrigeration temperature system.! Suppression systems mechanical devices such as ULT freezers dioxide is used as a is... Briefly introduced '' A��ڷ $ S�'��k�V��k�a�=T��1 ��z, Jr. thermodynamic comparison of single-stage and double-stage systems used for the of. Schematic diagram of ACR system is shown in offer efficiency advantages of 3.6 % in climates... With less GWP values carbon dioxide is used to subcool the CS to obtain the desired thermodynamic properties fluids... Ult freezers combined with a cogeneration system Tzivanidis, C. ; in cascade refrigeration number of refrigerant used is, Z. ;,. Made many efforts have been made to innovate CRS have completely isolated refrigeration loops that contain! Be as low as possible to produce a lower evaporation temperature than because! Techno-Economic assessment of thermal energy storage solutions for a specific problem on the refrigerant due to very temperature! The reasons for using this kind of cascade refrigeration systems condense the refrigerant that into., they can obtain lower evaporation temperature 2 booster system with parallel compression was found to be in., low-grade heat of the second compressor in CCRS heat source for low-temperature applications that. Currently, a capacities for any given evaporation temperature of −80 °C evaluation with... Ozone depletion and global warming potential refrigerant group for a specific problem on the performance, have. A cogeneration system heat source for low-temperature applications CO. small refrigeration devices mainly include case!

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